Family Tachinidae


Bodenheimer (Animal Life in Palestine, 1935) has this to say:
The Tachinids are parasites of large moth-caterpillars. They are not very abundant here when compared with their great numbers in Europe. Here and there some Tachinid flies may be bred, as Echinomya fera or Eudoromyia magnicornis from Lymantria lapidicola, but apparently they do not attack any considerable number of their hosts. Many of the eggs perish during the moult of its host and many young maggots are killed in the interior of the host. Some species as Compsilura concinna ovipostit within the body of the host caterpillar, others as Eutachina larvarum on its exterior or in its neighbourhood. Mintho isis, a black fly with a red abdomen, is rather common in houses. Nothing is known about its life history which may be connected with cockroaches.

From Wikipedia:
Tachinidae is a large and rather variable family of true flies within the insect order Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered.
Insects in this family are commonly called tachinid flies; they have no vernacular common name.
They occur in almost all habitats all over the world. There are Neotropical, Nearctic, Afrotropical, Paleoarctic, Oriental, Australasian and Oceanic species. A typical characteristic of this family is the fact that most of them are parasitoids (the larvae develop inside a living host, ultimately killing it), and a few are parasitic (do not kill the host). Larvae are endoparasites (internal parasites) of caterpillars of butterflies and moths, adult and larval beetles, sawfly larvae, various types of true bugs and grasshoppers, rarely in centipedes, with usually only one grub. Only a few species are host species-specific. As such, many are important natural enemies of major pests. Some species are being used in biological pest control. Many important pests are suppressed by tachinids.
Reproductive strategies are highly variable between species. The female may lay her white oval eggs on the skin of the host insect, or insert the egg into the host's body, or leave them in the host's environment, as for example on leaves, where the host will ingest them. Some tachinids that are parasitoids of stem-boring caterpillars deposit eggs outside the host's burrow, letting the larvae do the work of finding the host itself. In other species, the maggots use an ambush technique, waiting for the host to pass and then attacking it and burrowing into its body. The larvae feed on the host tissues, causing death, except in some rare parasitic species.
Tachinid flies are extremely varied in appearance. Adult flies may be brilliantly colored and then resemble blow-flies (family Calliphoridae), or rather drab, and then resemble house flies. But tachinid flies are more bristly and more robust. They have three-segmented antennae, a diagnostically prominent postscutellum bulging beneath the scutellum (a segment of the mesonotum), bare (sometimes plumose) arista. The calypters (small flaps above the halteres) are usually very large. Their fourth long vein bends away sharply.
Adult flies feed on flowers and nectar from aphids and scales As many species typically feed on pollen, they can be important pollinators of some plants, especially at higher elevations in mountains where bees decrease in numbers.
The taxonomy of this family presents many difficulties. It is largely based on morphological characters of the adult flies, but also on reproductive habits and the immature stage.


Subfamily: Dexiinae
Species Reference source Collection
Athrycia trepida Meigen, 1824 Kugler, 1979
Billaea adelpha (Loew, 1873) Kugler, 1979
Billaea asella Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Billaea biserialis (Portschinsky, 1881) Kugler, 1979
Billaea cinerosa Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Billaea intermedia (Portschinsky) Kugler, 1979
Billaea irrorata (Meigen, 1826) Bodenheimer, 1937
Kugler, 1974
Billaea maritima (Schiner, 1862) Kugler, 1979
Billaea pectinata (Meigen, 1826) Kugler, 1974
Billaea subrotundata (Rondani, 1862) Kugler, 1974
Billaea zimini Kolomyiets Kugler, 1979
Cyrtophleba ruricola (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Dufouria chalybeata (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Dufouria nigrita (Fallen, 1810) Kugler, 1974
Engeddia multisetosa Kugler, 1977 Kugler, 1979
Eriothrix apennina (Rondani, 1862) Kugler, 1979
Eriothrix rufomaculata (DeGeer, 1776) Kugler, 1979
Estheria murina Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Estheria nigripes Kugler, 1979
Hyleorus nudinerva (Villeneuve, 1920) Kugler, 1979
Hypovoria hilaris Villeneuve, 1912 Kugler, 1979
Hypovoria pilibasis (Villeneuve, 1922) Kugler, 1979
Microsoma exigua (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Myxodexia biserialis (Portschinsky, 1882) Kugler, 1974
Pandelleia albipennis Villeneuve Kugler, 1979
Periscepsia carbonaria (Panzer, 1798) Kugler, 1979
Periscepsia handlirschi Brauer & Bergenstamm Kugler, 1979
Periscepsia nigrans (Meigen, 1826) Kugler, 1979
Periscepsia plorans (Rondani, 1861) Kugler, 1979
Plagiomima sinaica (Villeneuve, 1909) Kugler, 1979
Ramonda prunicia (Herting, 1969) Kugler, 1979
Ramonda plorans (Rondani, 1861) Kugler, 1979
Rondania insularis Bigot, 1891 Kugler, 1979
Stomina angustifrons Kugler 1968 Kugler, 1968
Stomina caliendrata (Rondani, 1862) Kugler, 1979
Stomina iners (Meigen, 1838) Kugler, 1974
Stomina kugleri Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Stomina tachinoides (Fallén, 1816) Kugler, 1979
Trixicepes russea Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Uclesia melancholica (Mesnil) Kugler, 1979
Uclesia nigrescens (Mesnil) Kugler, 1979
Uclesia symirae Hirt Kugler, 1968
Voria ruralis (Fallén 1810) Kugler, 1968 Bet Dagan
Wagneria albifrons Kugler 1979 Kugler, 1979
Wagneria cunctans (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974
Wagneria dilatata Kugler 1979 Kugler, 1979
Wagneria theodori Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Zeuxia cinerea Meigen, 1826 Kugler, 1974
Zeuxia nigripes (Macquart) Kugler, 1979 Bet Dagan
Zeuxia subapennina Rondani, 1862 Kugler, 1979
Subfamily: Exoristinae
Tribe: Exoristini
Species Reference source Collection
Acemya fishelsoni Kugler, 1968 Kugler, 1968
Herting, 1985
Alloprosopaea efflatouni Villeneuve, 1923 Kugler, 1979
Alsomyia cappilata (Rondani) Kugler, 1979
Amnonia carmelitana Kugler, 1971 Kugler, 1971
Amphicestonia dispar Villeneuve 1939 Kugler, 1968
Aplomyia confinis (Fallén, 1820) Kugler, 1979
Aplomyia laeviventris (Wulp, 1893) Kugler, 1979
Atylomyia albifrons Villeneuve, 1911 Kugler, 1979
Atylomyia loewi Brauer, 1898 Kugler, 1968
Baumhaueria goniaeformis (Meigen, 1824) Bodenheimer, 1937 Bet Dagan
Belida angelicae (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1968
Blondelia nigripes (Fallén, 1810) Bodenheimer, 1937
Brachychaeta petiolata Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Buquetia musca Robineau-Desvoidy, 1847 Kugler, 1968
Cadurciella rufipalpis Villeneuve, 1927 Kugler, 1968
Carcelia amphion, Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 Kugler, 1979
Carcelia falenaria (Rondani, 1859) Kugler, 1968
Carcelia lucorum (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1968
Carcelia phalenaria Rondani Kugler, 1979
Cerasia acuminata Becker Kugler, 1979
Ceracia uncinata Thomson Kugler, 1968
Ceratochaetops triseta (Villeneuve, 1922) Kugler, 1979
Ceromasia solivaga Rondani, 1861 Bodenheimer, 1937
Cestonia canariensis Villeneuve, 1936 Kugler, 1979
Cestonia cineraria Rondani, 1861 Kugler, 1979
Cestonionerva petiolata (Villeneuve, 1910) Kugler, 1979
Cestonionerva punctata Kugler, 1979 Kugler, 1968
Chaetina ambivia (Walker) Kugler, 1979
Chaetina longicauda Kugler Kugler, 1979
Chetogena acuminata (Rondani, 1859) Kugler, 1974
Chetogena cercosa Kugler, 1979 Kugler, 1968
Chetogena media (Rondani, 1859) Kugler, 1974
Chetogena obliquata (Fallén, 1810) Bodenheimer, 1937 Bet Dagan
Chetogena repanda (Mesnil) Kugler, 1979
Chetogena siciliensis (Villeneuve, 1924) Kugler, 1974
Chetogena sinaica (Villeneuve) Kugler, 1979
Clausicella suturata Rondani 1859 Kugler, 1968
Clemelis atricans Herting, 1975 Kugler, 1968
Clemelis gymnops Herting, 1975 Kugler, 1968
Clemelis pullata (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974 Bet Dagan
Compsilura concinnata (Meigen, 1824) Bodenheimer, 1937
Kugler, 1968
Datvia deserticola Richter Kugler, 1968
Dolichocolon paradoxum (Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889) Kugler, 1979
Drino atropivora (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Avidov and Harpaz, 1961
Kugler, 1968
Bet Dagan
Drino imberbis (Wiedemann, 1830) Kugler, 1968
Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht, 1967
Bet Dagan
Drino inconspicua (Meigen, 1830) Bodenheimer, 1937 Bet Dagan
Drino zonata (Curran, 1927) Kugler, 1974
Elodia morio (Fallén, 1820) Kugler, 1968
Erycesta caudigera (Rondani, 1861) Kugler, 1968
Erycia fasciata Villeneuve, 1924 Kugler, 1979
Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani, 1861) Kugler, 1968
Ethilla aemula (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1968
Eumeella perdives (Villeneuve, 1926) Kugler, 1979
Exorista aberrans (Strobl, 1893) Kugler, 1974 Bet Dagan
Exorista cuneata Herting, 1971 Kugler, 1968
Exorista deligata Pandellé, 1896 Kugler, 1979
Exorista ebneri Villeneuve Kugler, 1968
Exorista kugleri Mesnil, 1960 Kugler, 1974
Exorista lacteipennis Mesnil, 1970 Kugler, 1968
Exorista larvarum Linnaeus, 1758 Bodenheimer, 1937
Kugler, 1979
Bet Dagan
Exorista longicercus Kugler, 1979 Kugler, 1979
Exorista mimula (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1968
Exorista nova (Rondani, 1859) Kugler, 1968
Exorista nympharum (Rondani) Kugler, 1979
Exorista pilosa Kugler, 1979 Kugler, 1968
Exorista rustica (Fallén, 1810) Kugler, 1968 Bet Dagan
Exorista rutilans Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Exorista segregata (Rondani, 1859) Kugler, 1961
Kugler, 1968
Bet Dagan
Exorista sorbillans (Wiedemann, 1830) Bodenheimer, 1937
Exorista tesselans Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Exorista xanthaspis (Wiedemann, 1830) Kugler, 1979
Gonia atra Meigen, 1826 Bodenheimer, 1937
Gonia atrata Bischof Kugler, 1968
Gonia bimaculata Wiedemann, 1819 Kugler, 1979
Gonia capitata (De Geer, 1776) Bodenheimer, 1937 Bet Dagan
Gonia foersteri Meigen, 1838 Kugler, 1979
Gonia maculipennis Egger, 1862 Bodenheimer, 1937
Gonia olgae Rhodendorf, 1927 Kugler, 1968
Gonia ornata Meigen, 1826 Bodenheimer, 1937
Gonia sicula (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 Kugler, 1974
Gonia umbripennis Herting, 1958 Kugler, 1968
Gymnophryxe blaptis Kugler, 1971 Kugler, 1968
Gymnophryxe nudigena Villeneuve, 1922 Kugler, 1979
Gymnophryxe theodori (Kugler) Kugler, 1979
Isomera cinerascens Rondani Kugler, 1979
Istochaeta cinerea (Fallén) Kugler, 1968
Ligeria angusticornis (Loew, 1847) Kugler, 1974
Lomacantha parra Rondani, 1859 Bodenheimer, 1937
Kugler, 1974
Lydella grisescens Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 Kugler, 1968
Maculosalia maculosa (Villeneuve, 1909) Kugler, 1968
Medina collaris (Fallén, 1820) Bodenheimer, 1937
Meigenia mutabilis (Fallén, 1810) Kugler, 1979 Bet Dagan
Mendelssohnia sinaica Kugler, 1971 Kugler, 1971
Metacemyia calloti (Segœy) Kugler, 1979
Nealsomyia triseriella (Villeneuve) Kugler, 1968
Nemorillia maculosa (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1968 Bet Dagan
Nilea triseta (Villeneuve, 1922) Kugler, 1974
Ocytata pallipes (Fallén, 1820) Kugler, 1979
Pales latifrons Kugler, 1979 Kugler, 1968
Pales pavida (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Palesisa maculosa (Villeneuve, 1936) Kugler, 1979
Palesisa nudioculata Villeneuve, 1929 Kugler, 1968
Parapexopsis cephalotes Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Paratryphera barbatula (Rondani, 1859) Kugler, 1968
Paratryphera mesnili Herting 1977 Kugler, 1968
Phebellia tultschensis (Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891) Kugler, 1979
Phorocera grandis (Rondani, 1859) Kugler, 1979
Phryxe prima (Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889) Kugler, 1979
Phryxe vulgaris (Fallén, 1810) Bodenheimer, 1937
Kugler, 1979
Bet Dagan
Picconia incurva (Zetterstedt, 1844) Kugler, 1979
Platymyia antennata (Brauer & Bergenstamm) Kugler, 1979
Platymyia cappilata Rondini Kugler, 1968
Platymyia fimbriata (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1968
Prosopaea nigricans (Egger, 1861) Kugler, 1974
Pseudoperichaeta palesoidea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Kugler, 1979
Ptesiomyia longicornis Kugler, 1979 Kugler, 1968
Ramonella mesnili (Kugler, 1979) Kugler, 1968
Rhynchogonia algerica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 Kugler, 1979
Rioteria submacula Herting, 1973 Kugler, 1968
Schembria meridionalis Rondani, 1861 Kugler, 1968
Simoma grahami Aldrich, 1926 Herting, 1985
Spallanzania rectistylum (Macquart, 1847) Kugler, 1979
Spoggosia aegyptiaca Villiers Kugler, 1968
Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht, 1967
Bet Dagan
Steleoneura sexmaculata Mesnil Kugler, 1968
Sturmia bella (Meigen 1824) Kugler, 1979
Sturmia pratensis (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1968
Sturmiopsis emdeni Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Theliconychia solivaga Rondani Kugler, 1979
Wardarina kugleri Herting, 1985 Herting, 1985
Wardarina melancholica Mesnil, 1956 Kugler, 1968 Bet Dagan
Zaira cinerea (Fallén, 1810) Kugler, 1968
Subfamily: Phasiinae
Species Reference source Collection
Allophora pusilla (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974
Allophora subcoleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1767) Kugler, 1974
Besseria anthophila (Loew, 1871) Kugler, 1974
Besseria appendiculata (Perris) Kugler, 1979
Besseria nuditibia Kugler Kugler, 1979
Besseria zonaria (Loew, 1847) Kugler, 1979
Catharosia albisquama (Villeneuve, 1932) Kugler, 1979
Catharosia claripennis Kugler, 1977 Kugler, 1979
Catharosia flavicornis (Zetterstedt, 1859) Kugler, 1979
Catharosia pygmaea (Fallén, 1815) Kugler, 1979
Clairvillia biguttata (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974
Clairvillia pninae Kugler, 1971 Kugler, 1971
Kugler, 1974
Clytiomya dupuisi Kugler, 1971 Kugler, 1971
Kugler, 1974
Clytiomyia helluo (Fabricius, 1805) Kugler, 1974
Clytiomya mesnili Kugler 1968 Kugler, 1968
Clytiomya sola (Rondani, 1861) Kugler, 1974
Cylindromyia auriceps (Meigen, 1838) Kugler, 1974
Cylindromyia brassicaria (Fabricius, 1775) Kugler, 1974 Bet Dagan
Cylindromyia crassa (Loew, 1845) Kugler, 1974
Cylindromyia hermonensis Kugler, 1974) Kugler, 1974
Cylindromyia intermedia (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974
Cylindromyia montana Kugler, 1974 Kugler, 1974
Cylindromyia pilipes (Loew, 1844) Kugler, 1974
Cylindromyia pusilla (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974
Cylindromyia rubida (Loew, 1854) Kugler, 1979
Cylindromyia rufifrons (Loew, 1844) Bodenheimer, 1937
Cylindromyia rufipes (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Cylindromyia theodori Kugler, 1974 Kugler, 1974
Dionaea aurifrons (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974
Dionaea setifacies (Rondani, 1861) Kugler, 1974
Dionomelia hennigi Kugler, 1978 Kugler, 1979
Elomyia lateralis (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Ectophasia oblonga (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Kugler, 1979
Ectophasia rubra (Girschner, 1888) Kugler, 1979
Gymnosoma acrosterni Kugler, 1971 Kugler, 1971
Kugler, 1979
Gymnosoma clavatum Rhodendorf, 1947 Kugler, 1974
Helomyia lateralis (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974
Labigaster nitidula (Meigen) Kugler, 1979
Leucostoma abreviatum Herting Kugler, 1979
Leucostoma crassa Kugler, 1966 Kugler, 1966
Kugler, 1974
Leucostoma edentatum Kugler, 1928 Kugler, 1979
Leucostoma engeddense Kugler, 1966 Kugler, 1966
Kugler, 1974
Leucostoma maris-mortui Kugler, 1966 Kugler, 1966
Kugler, 1979
Oblitoneura agromyzina Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Phania albisquama (Villeneuve, 1924) Kugler, 1979
Phaniosoma lateritium (Meigen) Kugler, 1979
Phasia obesa (Fabricius, 1798) Kugler, 1979
Phasia pusilla (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Phasia subcoleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1767) Kugler, 1979
Phasia theodori (Draber-Monko, 1965) Kugler, 1979
Weberia digramma (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Xysta holosericea (Fabricius, 1805) Kugler, 1979
Subfamily: Tachininae
Species Reference source Collection
Actia infantula (Zetterstedt, 1844) Kugler, 1979
Aphria longirostris (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974
Bithia golanensis (Kugler, 1971) Kugler, 1979
Bithia hermonensis Kugler Kugler, 1979
Bithia modesta (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Bithia pouciseta Kugler Kugler, 1979
Bithia setulosa (Kugler, 1968) Kugler, 1974
Clausicella suturata Rondani, 1859 Kugler, 1979
Clausicella triangulifera Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Echinomyia elegans Villeneuve Kugler, 1979
Echinomyia fera Linnaeus Kugler, 1979
Echinomyia lurida Fabricius, 1781 Kugler, 1968
Echinomyia praeceps Meigen, 1824 Kugler, 1979 Bet Dagan
Erebiomima hertingi Kugler Kugler, 1968
Erebiomima luteisquama Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Ernestia longiventris Kugler, 1971 Kugler, 1971
Eurithia castellana (Strobl, 1906) Kugler, 1979
Fischeria bicolor Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 Bodenheimer, 1937 Bet Dagan
Germaria hermonensis Kugler, 1979 Kugler, 1968
Germaria ruficeps (Fallén, 1820) Kugler, 1979
Graphogaster parvipalpis Kugler, 1974 Kugler, 1968
Graphogaster vestita Rondani, 1868 Kugler, 1974
Heraultia albipennis Villeneuve, 1920 Kugler, 1968
Istoglossa puella Rondani Kugler, 1979
Laufferiella elegans Villeneuve, 1929 Kugler, 1968
Linnaemyia angulicornis (Speiser) Kugler, 1979
Linnaemya comta (Fallén, 1810) Bodenheimer, 1937
Linnaemya frater (Rondani, 1859) Kugler, 1968
Linnaemya latigena Kugler Kugler, 1968
Linnaemya lithosiophaga (Rondani 1859) Kugler, 1968
Linnaemya neavei Curran, 1934 Kugler, 1968 Bet Dagan
Linnaemya petiolata Kugler, 1971 Kugler, 1971
Linnaemya setifrons Zimin, 1954 Kugler, 1961
Kugler, 1968
Bet Dagan
Linnaemya soror Zimin, 1954 Kugler, 1974
Linnaemya vulpina (Fallén, 1810) Bodenheimer, 1937
Kugler, 1974
Bet Dagan
Macquartia praefica (Meigen, 1824) Bodenheimer, 1937 Bet Dagan
Macquartia tenebricosa (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1979
Macquartia tessellum (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1974
Mesnilomyia achilleae Kugler, 1972 Kugler, 1972
Mesnilomyia longicornis Kugler, 1972 Kugler, 1972
Mesnilomyia magnifica Kugler, 1972 Kugler, 1972
Microceraphina planifacies Kugler Kugler, 1972
Mintho compressa (Fabricius, 1787) Bodenheimer, 1937 Bet Dagan
Mintho rufiventris (Fallen, 1816) Kugler, 1974
Minthodes pictipennis Brauer & Bergstamm, 1889 Kugler, 1979
Neaera atra Robineau-Desvoidy, 1850 Kugler, 1974
Neaera laticornis (Meigen, 1824) Kugler, 1972
Neoemdenia mirabilis Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Oestroloewia crassipes Mesnil Kugler, 1979
Palmonia hermonensis Kugler, 1972 Kugler, 1972
Kugler, 1979
Peleteria abdominalis Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 Bodenheimer, 1937
Peleteria meridionalis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Kugler, 1979
Peleteria pyrrhogaster (Rondani) Kugler, 1979
Peleteria rubescens (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Kugler, 1974
Peleteria ruficornis (Macquart, 1835) Kugler, 1979
Peribaea palaestina Villeneuve, 1934 Bodenheimer, 1937
Peribaea tibialis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851) Kugler, 1979
Plesina claripennis Mesnil, 1953 Kugler, 1979
Plesina deserticola Kugler, 1978 Kugler, 1979
Phytomyptera lacteipennis Villeneuve, 1934 Kugler, 1979
Phytomyptera nitidiventris Rondani, 1845 Kugler, 1979
Prodemoticus moderatus Kugler, 1979 Kugler, 1979
Prodemoticus orientalis Villeneuve, 1919 Kugler, 1979
Pseudomintho ater Kugler, 1971 Kugler, 1971
Kugler, 1979
Pseudomintho diversipes (Strobl, 1899) Kugler, 1974
Siphona efflatouni Mesnil, 1960 Kugler, 1979
Siphona maculata (Staeger, 1849) Kugler, 1979
Strobliomyia tibialis Robineau-Desvoidy Kugler, 1961
Tachina fera (Linnaeus, 1761) Kugler, 1979
Tachina magnicornis (Zetterstedt, 1844) Bodenheimer, 1937
Kugler, 1979
Bet Dagan
Tachina vernalis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Kugler, 1974
Trichactia pictiventris (Zettersted, 1853) Kugler, 1974
Triarthria setipennis (Fallén, 1810) Kugler, 1974
Ziminia masiceraeformis (Portschinsky, 1881) Kugler, 1974