ABOUT THE WINNIPEG CONFERENCE

Taken from the Foreword by Shlomo Navarro and Jonathan Donahaye:
"The present conference meeting was decided upon during the "5th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection" held in Bordeaux in September 1990, when several members of the Permanent Committee of the "International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Grain" decided to hold the meeting in conjunction with the "International Symposium on Stored-Grain Ecosystems" in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in June, 1992.

The objectives of the conference were:

• to assess the current status of controlled atmosphere application techniques and fumigation for control of insect pests, microflora and quality in stored grain and rellated products.
• to evaluate the technical, environmental and economical advantages and examine the potential for emerging controlled atmosphere technologies.

This conference took place at a crucial moment, with, on one hand, universal realization of the vital importance of continued grain storage conservation for food security at both national and individual levels, and on the other hand, the absence of a coordinated policy to guide the industry in maintaining this objective. There is still a worldwide reliance on fumigants for insect control in grain storage, and yet the intense pressure to phase out methyl bromide as a fumigant, coupled with mounting evidence of development of insect resistance to phosphine places our future reliance upon fumigation in question.
In spite of the urgent need to develop alternative insect control measures, there has been a general lack of institutional responce to the need to introduce already existing controlled atmosphere (CA) technologies into the commercial sphere, one notable exception to this being the stated policy and incentives given in Australia to the introduction and application of CA storage.

The papers presented in the conference proceedings reflect this general lack of policy towards the use of CAs, but they also reflect the widespread interest in this alternative to conventional fumigation, with 35 of the papers relating to CAs, and only 24 to methyl bromide and phosphine. Particular interest in the CA alternative is evidenced in the papers presented by participants from developing countries, and in several cases, this is the first time research groups from these countries have exposed their research objectives and evaluations at an intenrational forum."

Table of Contents and Abstracts

(Most of the abstracts are taken from the "Book of Abstracts" and not from the "Proceedings")

SESSION 1 . CURRENT STATUS OF CA TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Controlled atmosphere and fumigation in Western Australia - a decade of progress
R.J. DELMENICO

Controlled atmosphere storage research and technology in Canada
N. D. G. WHITE, D.S. JAYAS, W.E. MUIR and R.N. SINHA

Current status of controlled atmosphere storage in the Philippines
Glory C. SABIO

Present and prospective state of the "triple-low" grain storage technique
Huinai XU and Nanyan W ANG

Carbon dioxide fumigation trials in India
K.S. NARASIMHAN, S. RAJENDRAN, T.S. KRlSHNAMURTHY, Z. CHANDY, P.M. KHEDKAR and M.A. HAKEEM

Current status of controlled atmosphere storage in Nigeria
S. D. AGBOOLA

SESSION 2. BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF ARTHROPODS TO TREATMENT WITH CA/FUMIGATION

Low oxygen disinfestation of grain: exposure periods needed for high mortality
P.C. ANNIS and H.A. DOWSETT

Responses of stored-products insects to phosphine
S. RAJENDRAN

Controlling rusty grain beetles with controlled atmospheres
G. SHUNMUGAM, D.S. JAYAS and N.D.G. WHITE

Low oxygen atmospheres for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) and Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)
Ch. REICHMUTH and T. l. OFUYA

Nitrogen-flow fumigation for the preservation of wood, textiles, and other organic material from insect damage
Ch. REICHMUTH, A. UNGER, W. UNGER, Gertrude BLASUM, H. PIENING, Patricia ROHDE-HEHR, R. PLARRE, Maja POSCHKO and A. WUDTKE

SESSION 3 - BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MICROFIORA TO TREATMENT WITH CA/FUMIGATION

Effects of intergranular gas composition and fumigants on mould growth and mycotoxin production
J. LACEY

Anaerobic growth of storage yeasts in controlled atmosphere storage of intermediate moisture grains
D. RICHARD-MOLARD and B. CAHAGNIER

Use of sulphur dioxide to control fungi in stored grain
N. MAGAN

The use of phosphine for inhibition of fungal growth in stored grains
Ailsa D. HOCKlNG and H. J. BANKS

Disinfection with methyl bromide of poultry feed and straw litter contaminated artificially with Salmonella typhimurium
P. DROUIN, Jocelyne PROTAlS, P. DUCOM and ValŽrie DUCOM

Effect of phosphine and duration of storage on fungal population and some chemical components of soybean meal
O. S. DHARMAPUTRA, H. SUSILO, M. SIDIK and H. HALID

SESSION 4 - PRESERVATION OF QUALITY IN CA/FUMIGATION STORAGE

Quality changes in grain under controlled atmosphere storage
N.D.G. WHITE and D.S. JAYAS

Major changes in storage construction and the safe storage of grain in Tianjin
Lianghua GUAN, Rui SUN, Shaojun YANG, Chengguang ZHANG and Bin WANG

Preservation of grain in hermetically sealed plastic liners with particular reference to storage of barley in Cyprus
S. NAVARRO, A. VARNAVA and E. DONAHAYE

The mechanism of stored grain insect control and grain quality maintenance by low dosage phosphine fumigation
Zhu Peng QING

SESSION 5 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE APPLICATION OF CA/FUMIGATION

Uptake and release of fumigants by grain: sorption/desorption phenomena
H.J. BANKS

Carbon dioxide gas sorption by stored wheat
R. COFIE-AGBLOR, W.E. MUIR. S. CENKOWSKI and D.S. JAYAS

The combined action of low-temperature, low -oxygen and low-phosphine concentrations in the "Triple-low" grain storage technique
Nan-yan WANG, Quo-qiang ZHANG, Yan-yan ZHANG and Hu-nai XU

Finite element prediction of three-dimensional carbon dioxide diffusion in grain bins
K. ALAGUSUNDARAM, D. S. JAYAS, W. E. MUIR, N. D.G. WHITE and R. N. SINHA

Comparison of rate of release of phosphine from some commercial formulations generated under 75% relative humidity and four temperatures
P. DUCOM and C. BOURGES

A predictive model for phosphine concentration in grain storage structures
P.C. ANNIS and HJ. BANKS

SESSION 6 - APPLICATION METHODOLOGY OF CA/FUMIGATION (INC1UDING STORAGE SEALING TECHNIQUES)

Flow rates of controlled atmospheres required for maintenance of gas levels in bolted metal farm bins
C. H. BELL, B. CHAKRABARTI, S. T. CONYERS, T. I. WONTNER-SMITH and B. E. LLEWELLIN

Pre-fumigation to improve safety and efficiency of PH3 grain treatment in the vessel's holds during a voyage
G.A. ZAKLADNOY, B. VACQUER and E.P. BELOBROV

Effect of delivery rate of carbon dioxide on its distribution in concrete silos and its subsequent impact on the quality of stored corn
Wu-Kang PENG and Chieh-Wu CHEN

Ducting systems for silo fumigations in Tianjin municipality, China
Rui SUN, Lianghua GUAN, Chengguang ZHANG, Chunhe LIU and Jianhua LUI

Purge and maintenance rates of carbon dioxide for wheat treatment in a reasonably sealed silo
B. CHAKRABARTI. C.H. BELL. B.E. LLEWELLIN and T.J. WONTNER-SMITH

SESSION 7 - INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL METHODS

Fumigation decision-making processes: economic losses vs. risks
J. T. CRISWELL, G.W. CUPERUS, W .S. FARGO, R.T. NOYES. B. ADAM, P. KENKEL. E. WILLIAMS. and K. ANDERSON

Use of a cylinder-based formulation of phosphine as a control strategy for floor-stored grain
C. H. BELL. B. CHAKRABARTI and K. A. MILLS

Integration of controlled atmosphere and low temperature for disinfestation and control of dried fruit beetles
S. NAVARRO, E. DONAHAYE. Miriam RINDNER. R. DIAS and A. AZRIELI

The development of Siroflo@ in Australia
R.G. WINKS

SESSION 8 - POTENTIAL THREATS TO CONVENTIONAL FUMIGATION (REGULATORY STATUS, INSECT RESISTANCE, RESIDUES, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS)

Potential threat to conventional fumigation from regulatory legislation in European communities
Z. KORUNlC

The federal grain inspection service fumigation policy and procedures
J. GILER

Methyl bromide fumigation and ozone depletion
J. SARGENT

Specificity of induced resistance to hypoxia and hypercarbia in two strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
E. DONAHAYE and Miriam RINDNER

Phosphine resistance in stored-product insects
J. L. ZETTLER

POSTERS SESSION

Effect of carbon dioxide on Prostephanus truncatus (Horn)
L. SUSS. Daria P. LOCATELLI and M. BORIANI

Sealed stacks: a progress report on the technology
M. SIDIK and J. E. van S. GRAVER

The effect of decreasing concentrations of carbon dioxide on the survival and development of insect pests of stored-products
M.J. DALES, R.W.D. TAYLOR and A.H. HARRlS

Sealed storage technology on Australian farms
A. S. ANDREWS and P. C. ANNIS

Quality changes in peanuts shipped by rail under carbon dioxide
K. HOLD and D.M. WlLSON

Phyto explo@ fumigation: in transit grain fumigation in the holds of a tanker/bulker
B. VACQUER. O. ZAKLADNOY, A. VASILIEV, E. BELOBROV, J. ROGERSON. B. KUGLER and M. ABDULLAEV

Scanning electron microscope observation of microstructural changes in rice grain during storage
E. BEKKI and L. ZHANG

A descriptive model for the behavior of phosphine where vessels are damaged while carrying fumigated grain
E.P. BELOBROV, G.A. ZAKLADNOY. B. VACQUER. P. QUESNEL, U. SCHWARTZ and D. COLEMAN

"Double-low": a synthesis of controlled atmosphere and fumigation techniques for stored grain conservation
Tao MEI-CHUAN and Wang YA-NAN

Current research with carbon dioxide in Croatia Darka HAMEL

Phyto explo@ fumigation applied in silos
B. VACQUER, G. ZAKLADNOY, A. VASILIEV, E. BELOBROV, J. ROGERSON, B. KUGLER and M. ABDULLAEV

Grain preservation by reduction of oxygen concentrations using microorganisms
Jiang ZHONGZHU